Surface grinder grinding wheel selection

Abrasive wheel is a grinding tool indispensable to select the appropriate wheel or not, influence the quality of grinding , the grinding costs important condition . Many types of wheel , and a variety of shapes and sizes due to the different abrasive grinding wheel , grinding wheel binder material and the manufacturing process , the wheel having  non woven flap wheel a variety of different performance. Each wheel according to its own characteristics, has a certain scope. Therefore, grinding, must be based on the specific circumstances ( such as the material properties of the workpiece grinding , heat treatment method , the workpiece shape, size and processing forms and technical requirements , etc. ) , choose the appropriate wheel. Otherwise they will be directly affected by improper wheel to select the machining accuracy , surface roughness and production efficiency. Wheel to select the basic principles are listed below for reference.
 Black silicon carbide wheel: black silicon carbide is brittle and sharp , high hardness than corundum white , suitable for grinding lower mechanical strength of the material , such as cast iron , brass, aluminum and refractory .
Green silicon carbide wheel: darker green silicon carbide SiC high hardness brittle , abrasive sharp, good thermal conductivity, suitable for grinding carbide , optical glass , ceramics and other brittle materials.
Chrome corundum grinding wheel : high  ceramic flap disc quality requirements for surface finish of the workpiece grinding tools, measuring tools , instruments, and other threads .
Monocrystalline corundum wheel : suitable toughness , high hardness material grinding stainless steel, high speed steel and vanadium burns easily deformed workpiece .
Microcrystalline corundum wheel : suitable for grinding stainless steel, bearing steel and specialty ductile iron , etc., for molding grinding, cutting mill , mirror grinding.
Corundum wheel: Olympic Di suitable for grinding stainless steel, titanium alloys , heat-resistant alloys, especially suitable for heavy duty grinding.
 2 particle size depends on the choice of the surface roughness of the workpiece to be ground and the grinding efficiency.
Granularity refers to the size of the Mounted flap wheel  abrasive particles , whose size is represented by particle number with a time of coarse-grained grinding wheel , high production efficiency, but the surface is rough grind ; using fine-grained grinding wheel , the workpiece surface grind better roughness and lower productivity. Meet the requirements under the premise of roughness , should try to use coarse-grained grinding wheel to ensure a high grinding efficiency . Generally coarse grained wheel selection , the selection of fine-grained grinding wheel when grinding . When a larger contact area when the grinding wheel and the workpiece , to use some of the rough wheel size . For example , the same surface grinding , face grinding wheel with a wheel of granularity than the surrounding ground to choose thicker .
 3 depends on the hardness of workpiece material selection is grinding , grinding efficiency and surface quality . Hardness is the degree of difficulty falling abrasive wheel under external force , in order to adapt to different requirements for grinding the workpiece material into different wheel hardness grades manufacturing . Wheel election was tough, blunt abrasive easy to fall off , easy to plug the wheel , grinding heat increases, the workpiece easy to burn, low grinding efficiency, impact surface quality ; wheel selected too soft , abrasive when it was still a sharp fall increased wheel loss is easy to lose the correct geometry , the impact accuracy of the workpiece . Therefore, the hardness of the wheel to select the appropriate , should be based on the size of the contact area between the grinding wheel and the workpiece , the workpiece shape , way grinding , cooling, binders and other types of wheels factors considered.

Matters wheel in place before the inspection and installation should be noted

First, install the front wheel in place before the check in place, with the visual inspection method or using sound test method to check the confirmed cases of damage or injury to the existence of the grinding wheel to be installed, as well as checking grinder (or machine) and Wheel of speed between matches. Check the wheel in place prior to note the following:
A first wheel by visual inspection of  abrasive fibre disc the inspection. Visual inspection method: All wheel before use must be visually inspected and, if damaged, do not use. 2, if necessary, use sound test method for further confirmation. Sound Inspection Act (also known as the percussion test): vitrified grinding wheel before use advanced sound check. If the wheel five crack, then crackled, and vice versa issued or hoarse voice muffled. 3, is not allowed to have cracked or damaged wheel onto the axle in place, it will not only dangerous, but will also cause the appearance of precision grinding workpiece great deviation. 4, is not allowed due to covet fast pursuit of speed, wheel over wheel when using the defined maximum safe use of speed. 5, the use of the process, we should always proofread machine speed grinder or whether those indicated under the wheel speed or equal to the maximum safe use. Found nothing wrong to make timely adjustments. Second, install the  Grinding wheel china correct wheel when the wheel is installed in place is extremely important step for safe and effective use of the wheel, the wheel must be in place to ensure the implementation of the staff has considerable practical professional level.
A wheel spindle must straight, smooth, clean, non-destructive; spindle dimensions must allow tolerance range.
2, is not allowed to force the wheel mounted on the spindle of the grinding wheel, or any change in the aperture. If the spindle does not match the aperture wheel, please choose another size matching wheel. 3, the wheel must be free or attached to the spindle flange. 4, flange, chuck clamping surfaces must be smooth, clean, and the outside diameter of at least not less than one third of the wheel diameter. 5, flange  zirconia flap disc flatness require periodic measurements. Right flange flatness should be within 0.01mm of, if there is flatness tolerance, you need to perform maintenance on the flange. 6, does not allow the use of clean, unbalanced, with a burr or a different size, different flange concave pattern. 7, for multi-point fastening flange, be careful not to tighten the screws too tight.
8, for multi-point fastening flanges should be based machine manufacturer recommended torque flange size fastened firmly and evenly on the wheel. Note that when installing screws and nuts tightness, and not pressing enough to drive wheel slippage is appropriate. When multiple screws should be tightened diagonally order, fractional gradually tightened, conditions should be used to force wrench.

What is the role of pneumatic grinders

Tool pneumatic grinder, also known as pneumatic grinder, also known as pneumatic polishing machine, things have different characteristics, but a lot of people put the same thing, gave different from the "name", it is called is not Like, causing confusion in the market now, people Kunshan Industrial Equipment Sales Ltd. Garnier also according to become great distress, so far, the customer asks products, we would ask is filled with  abrasive fibre disc sand? Ball of wool? Or wheel? After that we can determine a good detailed description of the product to the customer, the customer is now fit for the machine.
  Features:
 Pneumatic grinding machine - pneumatic grinder, also known as pneumatic grinder, the site is divided into one inch, two inches, three inches, five inches, six inches. The machine is mounted above the sand, burrs can be effectively polished off, and scars, has a polishing function. There is a 3-inch pneumatic grinder, he can water, adjust the speed and the Grinding wheel china  amount of water available for marble, granite grinding and polishing, stone crafts fine grinding, grinding, polishing.
 Pneumatic polishing machine - pneumatic polishing machine known as: pneumatic polishing and waxing machine. Loading site is divided into three inches, five inches, six inches above the machine wool ball effectively can grind out the loot for car polishing, waxing, and some for cleaning glass, manufacturing, depots, car, equipment factory for polished, polishing, waxing, chamfering, metal surfaces, plastic surfaces and other cutting wheel  materials were in line with polished or painted surfaces and waxing.
 Air Grinder - Pneumatic grinders site is divided into two inches, four inches, five inches, the machine is equipped grinding wheel, power much larger than the grinding machine can be used for: manufacturing, foundry industry, foundry industry solder polished, burr removal, exterior plastic grinding, polished or space-constrained joints and burr removal job

Abrasive abrasive abrasive material is subject

Abrasive abrasive material is subject . When using abrasive for grinding, and it plays the role of the cutting edge. In the various elements constituting the abrasive , which is a key element of the abrasive grinding ability .
Physical and chemical properties of  Sanding Sheets the abrasive abrasive manufacturing process also has a major impact , because the ceramic abrasive require firing at high temperatures , and thus part of its abrasive quality indicators project (such as chemical composition, magnetic content , etc. ) requirements compared other bonded abrasives are more stringent. In order to ensure product quality ceramic abrasive and avoid possible waste, abrasives factory abrasive into the plant needs to make the necessary physical and chemical testing , confirm its compliance with the relevant national standards, can be put into production . Hardness refers to the  abrasive sanding belt degree of difficulty abrasive grit abrasive surface under loads from falling . 1 , in general, the hardness of the grinding wheel for grinding soft hard workpiece to the grinding wheel hardness harder than the soft workpiece . 2 , grinding , large or feed large contact surface of the workpiece and the abrasive , the abrasive hardness of the election should be softer . When forming grinding , in order to ensure the accuracy of the workpiece geometry , may be  Non woven flap wheel appropriate to increase the abrasive hardness.
3, the poor thermal conductivity of the workpiece and the grinding sharpening tool , in order to avoid burns , annealing, select softer abrasive hardness . 4 , when the high-speed grinding , abrasive hardness should choose softer ; dry grinding abrasive hardness ratio should be used for wet grinding softer ....

Some described the characteristics of coated abrasives

Coated Abrasives is machined from a substrate, adhesives, abrasives and abrasives made. She has good flexibility, adaptability. It points with manual, semi-manual and machine three. The major products are handmade by our daily see page dry scrub cloth, dry abrasive paper, and water sandpaper; most semi-manual with the product is shaped  abrasive fibre disc products, round, chuck wheel, flap wheels , and a variety of flowers of various grinding disc; main products are all kinds of machine belt, she can wear flat, vertical surface, surface and even job objects of various shapes. Because of her grinding up to 2500mm face even larger, which is difficult to compare any kind of abrasive. Therefore, grinding, she's the most efficient. Coated Abrasives extremely versatile, she can either processing metal, wood, leather, glass, building materials, plastics and ceramics can be processed. She can also be used for dry grinding wet grinding. In recent years, its use has penetrated into many aspects of people's lives, to become the most widely used applications for a class of abrasive, abrasive industry is a powerful force potential, with annual  Grinding wheel china sales in developed industrial countries has been ranked three categories Abrasives (coated abrasives, bonded abrasives, superhard abrasive) in the first, in our country is bound to play a significant impact on national economic development.
Abrasive custody
After receiving the abrasive grinding using the unit should be carefully checked for cracks and other damage, and carefully check the abrasive surface of the trade mark logo is correct, clear and complete. Abrasives in handling should be handled with care to prevent vibration and impact, and to prohibit rolling on the ground.
Abrasives should be stored away from  cut off wheel moisture, cold, room temperature should not fall below 5 ℃. Resin abrasive contact with alkali substances can not, should not rubber abrasive contact with the oil, so as not to reduce the hardness and strength. When wheel stacked, stack height generally less than 1.5m. Thin wheel should be stored to prevent deformation. After storage for more than a year, should be re-inspected rotation strength before use.

New, efficient, dedicated , heavy-duty strength and precision grinding of inorganic polymer production Exploration

Efficient grinding technology is a necessary condition for advanced manufacturing technology , completely solve the traditional precision grinding , inefficient processing limitations in obtaining high efficiency, high precision , while a variety of materials and shapes can be abrasive fibre disc  high surface integrity and reduce processing costs . Under China's current conditions , strengthen the research, promotion and application of efficient grinding technology, the level of China's machinery manufacturing industry to improve processing and accelerate new product development has great significance . Today, the increasingly widespread use of superhard materials , implementation of high-speed and efficient processing of superhard materials and grinding is the preferred process difficult to cut materials. Since the development of superhard abrasive applications, high-speed, high- precision machine tools and CNC technology development , new grinding wheel dressing and other fluids and related technologies , high-speed ultra-high speed grinding technology and high efficiency grinding , grinding, automation and development of intelligent technologies make high efficiency abrasive machining in machinery manufacturing field has a more important role , with good prospects for development. Efficient grinding wheel should have a good wear resistance, high precision balancing , crack resistance , good damping properties, high stiffness and good heat resistance, mechanical strength and be able  abrasive paper sheet to withstand high cutting force during grinding and so on. Efficient grinding wheel can be used corundum, silicon carbide , CBN, diamond abrasive . Under suitable binding agent and the conditions of advanced manufacturing technology , production speeds of up to use abrasive 125m / s.
Existing vitrified wheel water, oil, acid, alkali corrosion , to maintain the correct geometry. Porosity big , grinding rate, greater strength , toughness, flexibility, vibration resistance is poor, can not withstand lateral forces , V wheel <35m / s grinding , this combination agent most widely used, can be made into a variety of abrasive for shaping existing strength resin bonded grinding and grinding threads, gears, crankshafts and other large and elastic , not afraid of the impact that can work at high speed . Friction polishing effect, but strong resistance and heat resistance than vitrified poor, not acid , alkali, porosity is small, easy to plug ; V wheel > 50m / s high-speed grinding , grinding wheel can be made thin slot edge grinding tool rake face , high-precision grinding. High strength inorganic polymer bonded abrasives , and therefore have a higher usage rate generally applicable to high-speed cutting, grinding shortage , heavy duty grinding ; addition of inorganic polymer binder mill has a certain elasticity , heat and binders high , grinding self-sharpening , so compared with traditional resin binder wheel corners to maintain good , good shape retention , but also for grinding, such as thread grinding , molding grinding, sharpening ; can say inorganic polymer binder having both ceramic abrasive performance, but also a resin having abrasive properties , while avoiding their drawbacks.
Inorganic polymer binder abrasives , grinding theory is based on basic and applied research, the concept is introduced into the abrasive composites production , the following aside inorganic polymer binders basic principles of physical chemistry (1 crystal chemistry of inorganic polymer material 2 . inorganic polymer materials thermodynamics 3 . process kinetics of inorganic polymer materials ) and to introduce the interface and toughening mechanism of composite materials , inorganic polymer binder specific about the new , efficient, dedicated , heavy-duty strength and precision abrasive production applications. While this advanced technology has gradually mastered the industry for a number of tools , but there are still a number of specific issues have yet to be conscientiously sum up experiences , study and solve . Here is the specific design principles and methods of inorganic polymer binder abrasive production , production of inorganic polymer composite high-speed heavy-duty grinding , abrasive grinding shortage , strong abrasive grinding , high efficiency deep grinding , creep feed grinding cutting abrasive, abrasive grinding quick points , efficient grinding abrasive, abrasive spindle and bearings , high efficiency grinding machine grinding , rail grinding abrasive, abrasive belt grinding process for mentioning some opinions . An inorganic polymer bonded abrasives design principles and methods
In the design and manufacture of the grinding wheel should consider the following questions: First, consider the performance of precision materials processing and materials processing surface , and then select the appropriate abrasive , abrasive grinding grain size and mixed use . Followed by a variety of stress conditions , impact resistance , speed, temperature , processing materials and abrasive grinding wheel life working conditions zirconia flap disc  and choose a suitable binders , accessories , etc., and consider matching and scientific process between each other. Abrasive bond strength depends on the performance of the manufacturing process and abrasive grinding specifications. Considering factors that affect abrasive strength are: abrasive types , size, type and performance bond , abrasive hardness, organization , density, mixing, molding and curing conditions , abrasive shape , abrasive wheel outside diameter aperture the ratio . Wherein after the abrasive characteristics and specifications given , the most important binding agent performance, mixing and curing process molding process conditions . Another grinding wheel is also an important parameter ratio . Above factors involved , here we come eleven talk :
Combination of abrasive abrasive substrate and the extent and thickness of abrasive particle size distribution
Abrasive degree of thickness - is the size of the abrasive type , the degree of the overall thickness of the mix ; particle size distribution refers to a combination of different types , sizes, and quantity ratio or with abrasive conditions . Is an important factor from the abrasive grinding action of the abrasive , the abrasive nature of the workpiece according to the choice of the main materials, such as hardness, tensile strength , toughness, etc. to determine the selected abrasive basic principle is : high grinding the material hardness of the workpiece , you should choose a higher hardness abrasive ; grinding high tensile strength of the workpiece material should be used in large toughness abrasive ; grinding low tensile strength of the material should be used more brittle or high- strength silicon carbide abrasive. Various abrasive properties, uses and options, the choice here is not as elaborate abrasive particle size , should mainly be based on precision, surface roughness and grinding efficiency requirements to choose. General principles are as follows : grind the workpiece roughness requirements are high , you should choose a coarse-grained ; requires low surface roughness , fine-grained should be selected . When the work requires a higher geometric precision and low surface roughness , grain size should be selected mix . High precision workpiece geometry , when the abrasive wheel and the workpiece contact area hours should choose fine-grained ; large contact area , choose a coarse-grained . Workpiece material is hard and brittle , you should choose a fine-grained ; workpiece material soft and tough , you should choose a coarse-grained . Poor thermal conductivity of the workpiece , easy to heat deformation, easy to burn, should be selected coarse granularity. These problems are related to the factors that affect the performance of abrasive grinding thermal conductivity , heat capacity , density, porosity and other abrasive usually divided - coarse abrasive, abrasive , abrasive powder fine abrasive and so are several . Under the same conditions with an abrasive , abrasive powder larger total surface area , total surface area of ​​less coarse abrasive . Abrasive surface required in the production of tuberculosis agents parcels, giving bond strength, the greater the total surface area of ​​the abrasive child , you need to wrap the abrasive surface of the inorganic polymer binders will get. Generally with coarse abrasive than the fine abrasive inorganic polymer used in small doses combined . Abrasive particle size distribution, in order to make the grinding efficiency, not only to consider the strength and machining abrasive materials , but also must determine what kinds of abrasives with the amount of grading that is abrasive . When conducting abrasive grinding , abrasive grinding body on the one hand the role of impact , it also undermined the role of the grinding bodies , so as to ensure the sharpness abrasive to complete the entire grinding process. Obviously , in the unit of time , the contact point of the grinding body more involved grinding , i.e., the more abrasive grinding unit of time involved , the higher grinding efficiency . When the abrasive must , to increase the grinding body in contact with the abrasive , the better the smaller the size of the abrasive . On the other hand , to complete the grinding of the workpiece grinding , the grinding capacity must be sufficient impact job . Abrasive task is necessary to ensure sufficient capacity for grinding the workpiece material , and also ensure that the grinding wheel on the workpiece to a certain fineness , therefore , in the case of certain other conditions (e.g., abrasive strength, grinding speed , etc.) , this task only by selecting the appropriate size abrasive and they are reasonable proportion to complete. In theory, the abrasive grinding gap between production is followed by a binding agent to produce coated abrasives, less polymer to achieve the amount of the inorganic binding agent to meet abrasive strength and reaches improve the grinding efficiency purposes , it should be to minimize the gap between the abrasive particles . Another idea that should be adopted to clarify that burns occur when people are accustomed to the work attributed to the set of values ​​abrasive grinding wheel is too dense, the lack of sufficient capacity crumbs pores. Holes in the ground of debris from the chip and chip effect, and can accommodate coolant helps grinding heat dissipation . To meet the special processing requirements, traditional abrasive impregnated pores can also certain fillers such as sulfur and paraffin wax , in order to improve the performance of the abrasive . Such fillers, also known as the fourth element of the traditional abrasive . This is not always correct, because the sheer number of wear debris generated when high- cut grinding , large pore volume are by no means can accommodate small , abrasive and superabrasive wheels although no pores. As long as its surface dressing appropriately can work well . If you increase the pore volume ratio of resin abrasive wheel is bound to reduce its strength, making it premature wear , it is not worth the candle thing. In addition , the linear velocity of the wheel work to produce the quantity of debris is more complex when the grinding wheel increased from 28.8m / s to 33.6m / s , the speed is increased by 16 %, while the blockage increased threefold. Because the wheel speed increases the maximum depth of cut so that the abrasive grains decreases , the cross-sectional area of ​​the chip is reduced , while the number of cutting and grinding heat increases , so that these two factors are increased clogging , but when a high degree of wheel speed ( eg up to 50m / s or more ) the amount of wheel jam but greatly reduced . For a variety of workpiece materials, each with a certain minimum amount of its critical blockage wheel speed values. Inorganic polymer binder produced little abrasive on these considerations , the grinding of these theories will be introduced again in the future special . ) As to ways to reduce high-speed mill burns problem, the following specific abrasive elements will be talked about . Quantitative abrasive particle size distribution and thickness of the extent that the degree of particle size distribution and thickness abrasive . District represented by graded abrasive grading , which means that the thickness of the abrasive used fineness modulus .

Wetting and adhesive coated abrasives with phenolic resin

A wetting mechanism wetting (wetting) refers to the solid surface with a liquid replaced by another immiscible fluid process that is solid interface by the solid - gas interface into a solid - liquid interface phenomenon. Bonding of the two materials ( or materials ) between its first condition is to be able to wet each other. Further, the wetting properties of adhesives and adhesion between the body is the main factor affecting the  quick change disc adhesion strength , good wetting properties can increase the work of adhesion between the two phases , which will help improve the adhesion strength. Phenolic resins are coated abrasive one of several synthetic resin industry to use in fabric treatment, primer , glue complex plays a very important role , with the wetting properties between the substrate and the abrasive directly affects the final product performance wetting phenomena into wet (ashesion), wet (immersions) and spreading (spreading) of three types . Method or process different wettability , ease of wetting and wetting conditions are different . Corresponding to three types of different contact angle spread is an  abrasive paper sheet ideal state . Related to this there are several important concepts, including contact angle , surface tension, surface free energy . The contact angle is judged whether the liquid wetting the most convenient method for a solid surface , the liquid droplets (L) on an ideal plane (S), if one phase is a gas , the contact angle is a gas - liquid interface through the liquid and solid - liquid interface of the clip angle . The minimum contact angle is 0 °, a maximum of 180 °. The smaller the contact angle , the better the wettability .
Surface tension: the role of the liquid surface layer along the surface gravity is not balanced because the molecules produced in either a tension on the line . Molecular force suffered not equal to zero, which together point to a direction perpendicular to the liquid inside , resulting in a liquid surface with automatic narrowing trend , this contraction force called surface tension. Surface tension (surface tension) is a characteristic of the material , the nature of its size and temperature, and the two-phase interface -related substances . Study of the liquid resin interface issues , generally indicated by surface tension . Surface free energy : Under conditions of constant temperature and pressure so that the system unit surface area increases , the outside world must work done on the system . Interface Problem solids , using free energy to be more appropriate. Solid surface can be divided into two types of high-energy surfaces and low energy surfaces . Surface energy refers to the surface of the metal and its oxide , silica, inorganic salts , and the surface free energy is generally between 500 ~ 5000mJ/m2. Hardness and melting point of  cut off wheel such materials is higher, the greater the surface free energy . Refers to a low energy surface organic solid surface, such as paraffin wax and a polymer compound . Their surface free energy of less than 100 mJ/m2. High surface energy to more readily absorb the liquid suction surface tension higher than the low surface energy , because of the lower surface free polyester fabric surfaces are low energy surfaces , and no polar groups, so that its surface is not easy to spread the adhesive and wetting there are two interfaces , one is a solid substrate , one is a liquid resin , mainly a phenolic resin. Bonding two ways to solve the problem to solve. Common approach to solve the problem of solid interface is treated substrate surface , increasing the surface free energy ; improve fabric processing formulations and processes. For a phenolic resin, a method to reduce the surface tension of the resin are mainly modified , an appropriate increase in temperature of the resin , adding a suitable surfactant.

Mainly used for grinding high-speed steel tools alumina

 Mainly used for grinding high-speed steel tools alumina sand and white colors, mainly with silicon carbide grinding carbide blade wheel that green. Abrasive grain size, hardness, binders and organizational five factors determine the characteristics of the wheel. The following will do a brief introduction of these properties. 1) abrasive, abrasives are cutting and grinding disc  commonly used oxide, carbide, and high-hardness abrasive system three kinds. Ships and factories commonly used is aluminum oxide and silicon carbide grinding wheel grinding wheel. Alumina abrasive grinding wheel low hardness (HV2000-HV2400), toughness, apply sharpening high speed steel tool, which is called corundum white, taupe called corundum.
Grit SiC grinding wheel abrasive hardness than the high alumina (Hv2800 or more). Brittle and sharp, and has good thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, suitable for grinding cemented carbide. Which  mini flap disc commonly is black and green silicon carbide wheel. The green silicon carbide grinding wheel is more suitable for carbide tools.
 2) Particle size: The particle size indicates the size of the degree of abrasive. Grains per inch in length through the perforations on how many numbers as that symbol. 60 refers to the abrasive particle size for example just by the length per inch of the screen with 60 holes. Therefore, the larger the number, the finer the grit said. Coarse abrasive tools should be selected numbers of small grinding wheel, grinding tools should be selected number large (ie, abrasive fine) of the wheel. Particle board used for the 46 - Taiwan 0 number of soft or medium hard wheel.
 3) Hardness: The hardness reflects the abrasive grinding wheel during the grinding force, the grinding wheel surface from the ease of shedding. Wheel hard, abrasive surface that is hard to fall; wheel soft, which means that abrasive easily. Hardness and abrasive wheel hard metal cutting wheel  and soft are two different concepts, must be clearly distinguished. Grinding HSS and carbide tools should be selected turning soft or medium soft wheel.Furthermore, the choice of grinding wheel should also be considered binding agent and tissue. Generally used in ships and factories vitrified (Code A) and medium organizations of the wheel. In summary, we should be based on the correct selection of grinding wheel cutting tool materials. Sharpening high speed steel tool should be used in a particle size of 46 to 60 soft or medium soft aluminum oxide wheels. Sharpening carbide tools should be used in a particle size of 60 to 80 soft or medium soft silicon carbide grinding wheel, the two can not be wrong.

Elaborate molding resin abrasive loose materials research

Ordinary resin abrasive multi- phenolic resin powder as binding agents , phenolic resin solution as a wetting agent , molding material is easy sticky lumps, loose poor , especially in hot , rainy summer , often difficult scraper . In recent years, the introduction of automatic presses , feeding and scraping are mechanized automatic operation of the  ceramic flap disc resin molding material loose abrasive than manual operation requires a higher end, we use domestic raw materials for resin loose material a preliminary exploration. A resin molding material does not lead to loose causes and ways to solve
1.1 We believe that the cause of the molding material does not cause the loose agglomerate is mainly due to easy phenol resin solution containing free phenol ( at a level of about 20% ) , a portion of the free phenol can dissolve the phenol resin powder adhered to the resulting mill dry resin powder particle surface tacky . In addition , phenolic resin powder is easy to absorb moisture, the moisture absorption too sticky , the higher the temperature, the greater the liquid phenolic resin, phenolic resin powder solubility . So, in the summer and the rainy season , the resin molding  abrasive disc material is easy to agglomerate. 1.2 Uses for solving the above-mentioned reasons, we loose material from the three approaches to be explored : ① using refractory phenolic resin powder as binder ; ② using free phenol -free wetting agent ; ③ new mixing process 2 test brief introduction
2.1 refractory phenolic resin powder
Softening point and the degree of polymerization and the degree of moisture absorption on the phenol resin powder , melting point , the greater the degree of polymerization , the lower the degree of moisture absorption , a phenol resin powder as the degree of polymerization greater the phenol resin solution , the harder it is dissolved , so use phenolic resin powder as a refractory binder effective to reduce the degree of sticking and agglomeration of the molding material . Test proved : refractory phenolic resin powder / liquid mixing phenolic resin molding material out , placed within two hours without caking ; placed two hours - slightly caking within two days in the plastic bag , in a twist sieve , namely loose open to non-phenolic wetting agent 2.2
Although many of the liquid phenol , but it can meet the requirements of little loose material , after testing, we  Sanding Sheets found that triethanolamine is an ideal wetting agent , triethanolamine moderate toxic, non-irritating odor , viscosity, price cheaper , with phenolic resin powder / triethanolamine mix the resin molding material is very loose , non-caking, and loose without affecting the melting point of the phenolic resin powder , body strength and wheel to ensure performance , as shown in Table 5, Table 8 , can be balanced furnace inspection .
After testing, phenolic resin powder / triethanolamine mixed with a resin molding material, is placed within the three days , no agglomeration , prior to feeding the screen no longer loose feel good scraper , which is a phenol resin having a melting point of 84 ℃ powder , mixed material out of the molding can also be placed three days , the same loose .

abrasive Information mortal include

With sticky abrasive material is abrasive and acceptance made of special process approach dedicated polishing wheel grinder fast in reverse, the parts close to the friction with the polishing wheel, abrasive on  the sharp edges round the parts smooth and shiny appearance grinding process  non woven flap wheel process approach.
Polishing INFORMATION Primary effect is the appearance of the workpiece can burrs, scratches, traces of erosion, weld, welding slag, blisters, bubbles, oxide film, char, rather than substance, and not the ablation alkaline solution to remove other impurities , also make all kinds of micro-defects can be improved.
First, the data is also known as polishing abrasive materials, ordinary is polishing paste, abrasive, polishing sand, polishing, abrasives, polishing things in general. Grinding documentation belong  ceramic belt to the "hardware stuff" category. Abrasive materials, abrasive Information mortal include: sandpaper, grinding wheel, emery cloth, wire wheels, grindstones, Whetstone, grinding, grinding, abrasive belt, cutting discs, grinding blocks, plates, wheel, cloth wheel, sponge wheel, flax wheel and other abrasive. Abrasive grinding data include: polishing paste, polishing oil, polishing liquid, carborundum, polishing paste, polishing wax, polishing soap, polishing sand, black corundum abrasives, abrasive corundum, white corundum abrasives, chromium corundum abrasives, abrasive corundum natural and artificial abrasives abrasives and other abrasives.
Second, the abrasive polishing paste data  portable belt varieties yellow polishing paste. Feldspar powder and paint from the fat, fatty acids, pine nasal spray, Huang Dan, lime, soil and other common Pink made for iron, copper, aluminum and bakelite, etc. polishing; white polishing paste. The lime and fatty acids, stearic acid, paint fat, suet, tallow, ground wax together made for copper, nickel, aluminum and bakelite etc. polishing.

Integration of the two is the only way for the development of abrasives industry

Integration of the two is the depth of the combination of high levels of information technology and industrialization, refers to information technology to stimulate industrialization, promotion of information technology, taking a new road to industrialization; integration of the two is the core of information technology support, the pursuit cutting wheel  of sustainable development.
  Promote the integration of information technology and industrialization depth is a major initiative to accelerate the transformation of development mode, promote the simultaneous development of the four modernizations, is to take the new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics, the inevitable choice. At present, China is in a crucial period of industrial transformation and upgrading, an increasingly competitive international industry, lack of core competitiveness, resource and environmental constraints, rising costs and other factors have become increasingly prominent. The new round of global technological revolution and the industrial division of cutting and grinding disc  the existing challenges to adjust China's industrial development, but also realize the opportunities to catch up. At present, China abrasives industry is facing low-grade products, overcapacity, low levels of management, research and development is weak, money shortage, labor shortage, and many other difficulties. Promote the integration of information technology and industrialization depth, using information technology to stimulate industrialization, promotion of information technology, for the abrasives industry to break the bottleneck of current development, industrial upgrading and transformation, has very important significance. Abrasives are used as the basis of China's industrial upgrading, most enterprises are still in the ground from the traditional to the modern industrial restructuring industrial history stage, not only in enhancing industrial upgrading equipment, process technology, but also in the "integration of the two." To greatly enhance the  quick change disc core capability of independent innovation.
 Upgrade the road of abrasives must go "fusion" of the road.
  However, the current overall environment of abrasives industry is industrialization and information belong to the two major areas of expertise, it comes to managing information technology, many software companies are still in the software CD by buying, selling state license, the software as a tool not may consciously completed "fusion", and rely on the business side to achieve great difficulty and risk, resulting in a single consulting and software implementation of a single boundary obviously, industrialization and informatization "mismatch" problems. When an enterprise is information and information technology, advanced information technology can not force China into advanced manufacturing innovation, we must explore a new model to realize the "two of integration".

the quality of the merits of using good quality abrasives

the quality of the merits of using good quality abrasives , grinding wheels , high quality, reflected in the more expensive price . As the domestic high-grade bauxite resource depletion , a variety of raw materials and coal prices rise every year , plus the forced shut  standard abrasives down the big energy saving environment, corundum prices are rising fast, from time to time will be in short supply. How rational use of abrasive, improve market competitiveness, corporate grind most important technology considerations.
The best solution is the core part of the thin wheel is not involved in the cutting action of poor quality with low prices instead of the secondary abrasive , full -quality abrasive cutting performance and reduce manufacturing costs . This approach resin bolts and large  Sanding Sheets diameter cylindrical grinding wheel resin wheel has been widely used . For thin wheel , since the middle of the network , the bottom and the top to separate feeding, if the external and the core also step feeding, in the process to achieve it quite difficult, yet can only look forward to the future , if successful, reduce costs, profit improvement , for the manufacture of thin wheel is undoubtedly a far-reaching " revolution ."
Compare prices now wear suitable strategy is for the various consumer groups, made ​​according to the different grades of abrasive abrasive products , the best thin abrasive wheel is used in most need , avoiding the production of high-grade and low-grade abrasive wheel as possible cut off disc  best use , at an increased cost of the premise, a great effort , each grade products have done " extreme ."
High-grade sheet wheel stable, targeted, repeatability, the production level commonly used sand , and even special products to use zirconium corundum , calcined alumina abrasive and post-processing . Dominated by imported products on the market , most cost-effective production of high sheet is not high , not discrimination , pertinence , still need further research and development efforts .

Stone Tools: low hardness grinding wheel should be high hardness workpiece

Grinding is the grinder as a cutting tool for machining a workpiece with a grinding wheel method. The method is characterized by:
(1) Since the abrasive wheel itself has high hardness and heat resistance, and therefore the grinding can be processed high hardness materials such as hardened steel, cemented carbide.
(2) determine the characteristics  quick change disc and grinding wheel grinding system can make even trace cutting, general ap = 0.001 ~ 0.005mm; high grinding speeds, generally up to v = 30 ~ 50m / s; grinder stiffness; using hydraulic transmission, so grinding can economically obtain high precision (IT6 ~ IT5) and small surface roughness (Ra = 0.8 ~ 0.2μm). Grinding is one of the main methods for finishing parts. (3) Due to intense friction, leaving the high grinding zone temperature. This causes stress and deformation of the workpiece, causing the surface burns. Therefore must inject a lot of grinding coolant to reduce the grinding temperature. Coolant can also play chip and lubrication. (4) a large radial force when grinding. This will cause the machine - elastic workpiece concession system, the actual depth of cut is less than the nominal depth of cut - wheel. Therefore grinding to be accomplished, the light should not enter the knife mill, to eliminate errors.
(5) After the blunt abrasive grinding force also increased, resulting in grains or broken off, exposing sharp edge again, this feature is called "self-sharpening." Self-sharpening of the grinding time can be within a normal, but over a certain time after the work should be carried out manually trimmed to avoid grinding force increases causing vibration, noise and damage to the workpiece surface.
Grinding wheel
The cutting tool is a grinding wheel, which consists of many small and hard abrasive grains and a binder made of  cutting and grinding disc the porous body stick. Directly responsible abrasive cutting work must be sharp and have high hardness, heat resistance and a toughness. Commonly used abrasives are aluminum oxide (also known as corundum) and silicon carbide two kinds. Alumina abrasive class high hardness, good toughness, suitable for grinding steel material. Silicon carbide abrasive hardness higher class, more sharp, good thermal conductivity, but more brittle, suitable for grinding cast iron and alloy.
Also suitable abrasive grinding wheel, due to its different thickness, surface roughness and the workpiece after the machining efficiency is not the same, for the coarse grinding of coarse grains, fine abrasive grains, the more coarse abrasives, the smaller the grain size number.
Binding agents from bonded abrasive effect. The binding agent used is a ceramic, followed by the resin binder. Different materials selected from binders, impact wheel corrosion resistance, strength, heat resistance and toughness.
The more firmly bonded abrasive, the more difficult to fall from the wheel, said wheel on the hardness, the hardness of the wheel is the ease of abrasive grinding wheel surface under loads shedding. Off easily called soft, otherwise known as hard. The hardness of the abrasive grinding wheel hardness are two different concepts. Was softer workpiece surface grinding, abrasive edge (corners) it is not easy to wear, so that time can be longer abrasive used, that some of the optional bonding firm wheel (high hardness wheel). Conversely, low hardness grinding wheel for high hardness of the workpiece.
Wheel at high speed work, in order to ensure safety, should be checked prior to installation, there should be no cracks and other defects; To make the wheel steady, balancing test should be carried out before use.
After some time working wheel, the surface voids are clogged debris, abrasive acute angle will be blunt, the original geometry is distorted. Must be trimmed and cutting ability to restore the correct geometry. Pen diamond grinding wheel dressing required.
Structure and surface grinder grinding motion
Many different types of grinders, mainly surface grinder, cylindrical grinder, the grinder, universal cylindrical grinding machine (also grind the hole), gear grinding, thread grinding machine, rail grinding, centerless grinder (grinding cylindrical) and tool grinder ( grinding tool) and so on. Here surface grinder and movement.
1 Surface grinding machine structure (with M7120A, for example, where: M - class machine grinder; 71 - horizontal axis moments desktop surface grinder; 20 - Working table width is 200mm; A - the first major improvements (. 1) wheel frame - install wheel and drive wheel for high-speed rotation, wheel frame can slide along the dovetail guide for manual or hydraulic lateral movement gap (2) slide - Install wheel frame and drive along the column wheel frame rails up and down movement.
(3) Column - bearing slide and wheel frame.
(4) Bench - installation piece by reciprocating linear motion of the hydraulic system drive for.
(5) bed - supporting bench, install  portable belt other components. (6) Coolant system - providing coolant (saponification oil) to the grinding zone. (7) hydraulic system - its components are: 1) power components - as pumps, hydraulic system pressure oil supply;
2) implementation of components - as fuel tanks, and other components to drive the table movement; 3) control elements - for a variety of valves, the control pressure, speed, direction, etc.; 4) of the auxiliary element - such as fuel tanks, pressure gauges. Hydraulic and mechanical drive compared with the smooth transmission, can overload protection can be achieved in a larger range of variable speed advantages.
2. Surface grinding motion (1) the main movement - high speed rotary motion wheel. (2) the feed movement
1) vertical feed - table driven reciprocating linear motion of the workpiece; 2) vertical feed - wheel to move the workpiece depth direction; 3) infeed - Wheel gap movement along its axis.

grinding large enough to prevent microscopic peeling

cbn at high temperature to 2000 ℃ was still with excellent red hardness .
cbn is a hardness second only to diamond superhard cutting tool materials ,

usually in the processing of the abrasive sanding belt  material hardness greater than 48HRC works

best when ( machining soft materials cbn wear out quickly ) . cbn at high

temperature to 2000 ℃ was still with excellent red hardness . Although cbn

more brittle than cemented carbide , and the thermal and chemical stability

than the ceramic , but it has a higher than ceramic cutting tools impact

strength and crack resistance , and low rigidity of the machine is also able

to cut hard metals. In addition, custom- cbn proper power tool can withstand

rough cutting load, intermittent cutting blows and finishing the required

high temperature and abrasion resistance . Appropriate for the specified

customization processes including machine and fixture rigidity , edge

grinding large enough to prevent microscopic peeling , and the tool base body

is a high content of grade cbn . cbn  metal cutting wheel grade high content of these specified

processes are required, because they have high speed under heavy load

conditions edge machining requirements of high thermal resistance and

toughness and for severe intermittent cutting . These properties make this

material is used as a tool material grade roughing of hardened steel and

pearlitic gray cast iron .
low content of material grades cbn cbn content than the more brittle grades ,

but they are used when machining hardened cut off wheel  ferrous better performance . They

have a lower thermal conductivity and a relatively higher withstand high-

speed cutting and the negative rake  angle of the compressive strength of the

heat generated . Higher cutting zone temperature can help soften the

workpiece material and chip breaking , while negative rake angle can enhance

the tool cutting edge stability , improve tool life and allows depth of cut

is less than 0.25mm . Because the tool can cbn surface finish of better than

0.4μm and maintain concentricity of ± 0.012mm

Common types of machining tools Abrasives

Is for abrasive grinding , grinding and polishing tools . Most of the abrasive is made ​​of abrasive plus artificial abrasive binding agent , is also useful natural mineral rock directly processed into natural abrasive. In addition to grinding and other metal processing machinery manufacturing industry has been widely used , but also for food processing, paper industry and the ceramics, glass, stone, plastic , rubber, wood and other velcro disc  non-metal materials processing.
 Abrasive in use , when the blunt abrasive , because the abrasive agent or a combination of its own to break fracture , the abrasive grain from the partial or complete loss , the working surface of the abrasive grinding emerging new cutting edge , sharp or continuously exposing new abrasive grains , the abrasive can be maintained within a certain time cutting . This self -sharpening abrasive is abrasive tool compared with the general prominent feature .
As early as the Neolithic Age , humans had already started to process the application of natural stone knives , stone axes , bone , horn , and tools such as a tooth ; 1872 , appeared in the United States with natural abrasives combined with clay firing ceramic grinding wheel ; 1900 years ago, the advent of artificial abrasives , using artificial abrasives manufacturing have produced a variety of abrasives for grinding and grinding create the conditions for rapid development . Since then , natural abrasive in  standard abrasives the abrasive proportion gradually reduced.
Abrasives source of their raw materials , with natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in machinery industry is only natural abrasive Whetstone . Artificial abrasive characteristics according to the basic shape and structure of the distinction between a grinding wheel, grinding , stone, sand tile ( the foregoing collectively referred abrasive ) and coated abrasives five . In addition , it is customary also put abrasives abrasive as a class .
Bonded Abrasives are used by different abrasives can be divided into ordinary abrasive abrasive and superabrasive abrasive . The former corundum and silicon carbide and other common abrasive, the latter with diamond and cubic boron nitride and other superhard abrasive material. In addition, there is a particular species , such as sintered corundum abrasives . By ordinary abrasive abrasive abrasive solid binding agent to form a certain shape common , and has a certain strength abrasive. Generally abrasive , binder and pore structure, these three parts are frequently referred to as the three elements of abrasive . Abrasive abrasive cutting action play . Binding agent is a solid form of the abrasive loose abrasive materials , with inorganic and organic types . Inorganic binder with ceramic , magnesite , sodium silicate and the like; organic a resin , rubber and shellac . One of the most commonly used is a ceramic , resin and rubber binding agent.
Hole in the ground when debris from the role of the chip and the chip , and can accommodate coolant, helps grinding heat dissipation . To meet the requirements of certain special processing , the pores can be impregnated with certain fillers such as sulfur and paraffin , so as to improve the abrasive performance. Such fillers , also known as the fourth element of the abrasive .
Means a common abrasive abrasive characteristics of the project are : shape, size abrasive , grain size, hardness, structure and bonding agent. Abrasive abrasive hardness refers to the external force from the abrasive surface of the shedding of degree of difficulty, it reflects the strength of binding agent holding abrasive .
The hardness of the abrasive agent is added depends on the amount of binding and the density of abrasive , abrasive grains easily fall off indication low hardness ; vice versa , which means high hardness. Hardness level is generally divided into super-soft , soft, medium soft , medium, medium-hard , hard and superhard seven magnitude, from these levels can be subdivided in a number of small magnitude. Abrasive hardness measurement methods are more commonly used hand cone , mechanical cone method , Rockwell hardness measurement method and sandblasting assay .
The hardness of the abrasive and its dynamic modulus of elasticity has a corresponding relationship, which is conducive to the audio abrasive measured dynamic elastic modulus of said abrasive tools . In the grinding process , if they are grinding workpiece material hardness, generally used in low hardness abrasive ; Conversely , the selection of high hardness abrasive.
Grinding of crude into tight , medium and loose categories. Each category can be further subdivided and number , with the numbers to differentiate between organizations . Abrasives organization number greater share of the abrasive grinding smaller volume percentage , the  sanding roll wider the gap between the grains , which means that more loose tissue . On the contrary, the smaller the number of organizations expressed more tightly organized . Loose organization is not easy to use abrasive passivation less heat during grinding , the workpiece can reduce heat deformation and burns. Tight organization abrasive grit easy to fall off , helps maintain the abrasive geometry. Abrasives organization only in the manufacture of abrasive formulations are controlled by , generally do not make determination .
Abrasive abrasive is dominated by diamond, cubic boron nitride and a binder to form a solid abrasive. Because diamond, cubic boron nitride high price , with good abrasion resistance , they are made ​​with abrasive abrasive abrasive different from ordinary , except superhard abrasive layer , there are transition layer and the substrate .
Superabrasive layer is a cutting action from the part of the super abrasive grains and a binding agent. Substrate is in the grinding support care role played by the metal , bakelite or ceramic materials. Transition for connecting the substrate and superhard abrasive layer, the binding agent and, sometimes, may be omitted . A resin binder commonly used , metal, plated metal , and ceramics.

Sand on the disc manufacturing process

 Disc sanding disc sand is a short, a habit , it is called . Disc sand is sandpaper, sandpaper is the conversion of a product , the shape is a circle , which is a sandpaper volume  abrasive disc is down , or double-sided adhesive bonding , and then put extraordinary punching machine with a circular mold cutting, stamping out of the product is the disc sand , also called velvet brushed back piece . Disc sand from stickers to classify compounds can be divided into two types , adhesive disc sand and Velcro disc sand ( alias self-adhesive disc sand and brushed disc sand ) ; ' brushed disc sand but also for non-porous and perforated brushed brushed disc sandpaper sandpaper disc . Perforated disc sand facilitates polished object debris discharged from the hole , forward grinding efficiency. There are some other categories preparation , such as by size big and small , a common 4 inches , 5 inches, 6 inches in diameter disc sand , sand disc diameter usable area 23mm --- 235mm. There disc sand from sand surface to the classification , a common side disc sand white sand , red sand surface disc sand , sand surface disc sand , there is a rare , blue sand surface disc sand , green sand surface disc sand . As well as from the raw material on the disc sandpaper classified into  standard abrasives silicon carbide and corundum disc disc sandpaper sandpaper , silicon carbide sandpaper disc can be divided into black and green silicon carbide and silicon carbide sandpaper disc disc sandpaper . Corundum sandpaper disc can be divided , popular corundum disc sand , calcined corundum sand , corundum disc sand plated iridium , semi- brittle corundum disc sand and so on. Disc grit number is divided into 40 # 60 # 80 # 100 # 120 # 150 # 180 # 220 # 240 # 320 # 360 # 400 # 600 # 800 # 1000 # 1200 # 1500 # 2000 # 3000 # 4000 # 5000 #
 Disc sand is the property of supplies , the master may not appreciate it , but do not despise disc sand Yeah, disc sand broad-scale operation . From the shuttle to our use of mobile phones and computers , to be used in the production process sandpaper disc , part of the space shuttle parts go through Suimi sandpaper sanding disc , as well as the body , before going in spray paint sand with a sanding disc should not flash paint  cutting and grinding disc stripping . Take our laptops in terms of the most common , can have so mysterious appearance of color adopted , can not afford to be less polished disc Suimi sand . There can be used for metal parts, plastics, electronics, auto parts , furniture, handicrafts polished. Meanwhile , disc sanding products are very efficient compared to the practice hand sanded fast, convenient, inexpensive

How to deal with the process of using belt fracture

Belt in the use of the process there will inevitably be broken problem , how to deal with this problem to solve it ?
1 , belt joints strong, cracking, strengthen the quality control of the production , to meet the needs of users
2, the belt tension is too large, the flap wheel   adjustment of the tension of the working load does not slip , the smaller the better tension
3 , when installed in the transport belt or wrinkles or edge damage before installation to check the quality of appearance , when installed in the correct mode of operation for
4, working too much pressure, reduced pressure
5 , the cutting too deep , friction heat accumulation , reduce the cutting depth or feed rate , or the use of coolant or cooling means
6 , the external debris into the belt and  sandpaper roll rollers or between the plates , remove debris, high performance dust extraction is the best preventive measures
7 , belt excessive vibration , selection of low hardness contact wheel , checking the quality of the machine vibration or belt
8, the contact roller cone ; contact roller or graphite pad is not parallel with the base removed grinding roller cone ; re-install, maintain the parallel
9 , the machine does not operate properly , the trip switch crashed belt maintenance equipment ( special attention to the paper-based belt )
10 , the workpiece thickness difference is too large or partially overlapping shock belt installation for overlapping plates and oversized portions guards
Automatic belt drive wheel has the cut off disc  role of self-sharpening wheel with automatic belt machine self-sharpening effect , large machining , if the tool wear, cutting can not normally proceed, you must re- sharpening knives, cut the situation is different hemp because the grinding wheel on a hard material cutting edge formed at the tip of abrasive particles , when the micro- abrasive blade becomes blunt , the role of a large force on the abrasive grains increases, the grains is locally crushed to form new micro blade or Zhengliao off exposing new abrasive micro blade to work to regain the kind of cutting edge sharp peak effect is called automatic belt drive with self-sharpening effect.

Belt grinding belt use of high speed machining annular

Belt grinding belt use of high-speed operation of the ring workpiece surface grinding . Generally on the belt grinder .
  Elastic belt around a certain pressure on the wheel and the idler wheel by wheel-drive rotary press for nonwoven belt  continuous cutting movement of the workpiece on the belt or table for the movement when the workpiece belt or under the wheels by pressing grinding zone , i.e., a thin layer of belt material rubbed . cutting grinding belt is generally 20 to 30 m / s, the grinding pressure of 20 to 30 MPa. grinding belt can be effectively remove the workpiece surface rough, but not precise grinding grooves and corners, suitable for processing flat, curved and shaped surfaces. grinding forming surface ( such as turbine blade surface ) , can be used with the workpiece surface matching type forming shaped contact wheel or the support plate , the flexible belt and the workpiece to maintain a uniform contact pressure ( Figure 2 ) . belt grinding accuracy is generally the size of 0.02 mm, up ceramic belt  to 3 microns , such as fine-grained abrasive belt grinding , surface roughness up Ra1.25 ~ 0.16 microns.
Why should abrasive belt grinding belt grinding process flexibility , adaptability , which manifested in:
1 , belt grinding can be very easily used for plane , the cylindrical surface grinding and complexity of design of a belt grinding device as a function of components can be mounted on the ceramic flap disc car lathe grinding can also be fitted use the planer , but also can be designed into a variety of dedicated grinder. use this feature belt grinding can easily solve some difficult machining parts, such as long , oversized shaft and flat parts precision machining.
    2 , belt substrate , abrasives , adhesives have a range of choices that can adapt to various uses. Abrasive particle size , length and width of a variety of specifications , and a roll , ring , etc. forms are available.

Analytical chemical inertness CBN diamond grinding wheel

 Analytical chemical inertness CBN diamond grinding wheel (A) chemical inertness. Cubic boron nitride and iron group elements is not easy to produce a chemical reaction, so for a variety of cutting disc   high-speed steel, tool steel, tool steel, high alloy hardened steel, chromium steel, nickel alloys, powder metallurgy steel and high temperature alloys such as high  temperature, high hardness , low thermal conductivity of the material is very suitable for grinding.
(2) good thermal conductivity. CBN grinding wheel corundum thermal conductivity up to several hundred times, and thus be able to export the grinding heat quickly, reducing workpiece thermal deformation. Low thermal conductivity of the material for grinding is very appropriate. A variety of spray (welding) Material: nickel, iron, etc.; cast iron type material: vanadium - titanium cast iron, high-phosphorus iron, chilled cast iron, etc.; titanium: such as TC4 and so on.
(3) high efficiency, good overall  abrasive tools economic efficiency. Sharp grinding, grinding force is small, CBN grinding wheel dressing cycle is long, finishing less the amount, the replacement for a long time; long life cycle, grinding ratio, getting a better economy, in use to maintain good shape, without regular replacement wheel and wheel dressing, saving time, improving working conditions, is conducive to the machining operation.
The wheel parameters are abrasive, viscosity, hardness, binders, shape, size and so on.
Since wheel usually work at high speed, thus turning test should be carried out before use (guaranteed wheel at the maximum operating speed, not break) and static balance test (to prevent machine  metal cutting wheel vibrations caused by the work).
Wheel made of various shapes and sizes, several commonly used wheel shape, size, code and uses the wheel diameter selected to be larger as far as possible, to improve the grinding wheel peripheral speed, so that the productivity of the process and improve the grinding surface Roughness advantageous, in addition, the stiffness and power tools permit conditions, such as the selection wheel larger width, the same can improve productivity and reduce the roughness receiving effect, but the high heat-sensitive material in the grinding, to avoid artifacts burns and surface cracks.

Some applications of ceramic diamond wheel range

A ceramic bond diamond wheel with high strength, heat resistance, cutting sharp, high grinding efficiency, grinding process is not easy fever and congestion, a small amount of thermal expansion to control the machining accuracy. Compared with resin bonded grinding wheels, resin bonded diamond grinding wheel he solved the low life expectancy, low  grinding wheel manufacture efficiency grinding, abrasive grinding process itself variability issue.
Two ceramic grinding wheel bond diamond wheel above advantages, a wide range of European and American countries appear immediately applied on the wafer (semiconductor silicon and solar wafers), PDC, polycrystalline diamond, diamond tools, cubic boron nitride, tungsten steel (carbide), new engineering structural ceramics, precious stones, crystal, rare earth materials (magnetic) contour machining hard and brittle materials, and  grinding wheel achieved good economic benefits. 1, by the heat-resistant steel and high hardness (HRC55 or more) of alloy steel precision parts grinding and finish grinding.
2, mild steel grinding is preferred.
3, large precision parts (Machine Tool, precision ball screw, etc.) for fine grinding and finish grinding.
4, special steel, such as tungsten, tungsten molybdenum high speed steel, vanadium steel, cobalt alloy, special  Sanding disc high-speed steel tool sharpening, heat-resistant steels difficult to machine the workpiece super finishing, and other hardened tool steel honing.
5, the heat-resistant, stainless steel and high hardness (HRC55 or more) of alloy steel precision parts made of fine grinding and finish grinding.
6, in the automatic or semi-automatic machines for mass production of parts such as instrument and miniature bearing components.
7, requires a good angular wheel retention of complex surface parts (gear shaper cutters, broaches, precision gears, cam, red top) grinding.
8 of titanium grinding grinding wheel CBN is the best choice.

Is for abrasive grinding , grinding and polishing tools

Is for abrasive grinding , grinding and polishing tools . Most of the abrasive is made ​​of abrasive plus artificial abrasive binding agent , is also useful natural mineral rock directly processed into natural abrasive. In addition to grinding and other metal processing machinery  shop roll manufacturing industry has been widely used , but also for food processing, paper industry and the ceramics, glass, stone, plastic , rubber, wood and other non-metal materials processing.
Abrasive in use , when the blunt abrasive , because the abrasive agent or a combination of its own to break fracture , the abrasive grain from the partial or complete loss , the working surface of the abrasive grinding emerging new cutting edge , sharp or continuously exposing new abrasive grains , the abrasive can be maintained within a certain time cutting . This self -sharpening abrasive is abrasive tool compared with the sanding paper roll  general prominent feature .
As early as the Neolithic Age , humans had already started to process the application of natural stone knives , stone axes , bone , horn , and tools such as a tooth ; 1872 , appeared in the United States with natural abrasives combined with clay firing ceramic grinding wheel ; 1900 years ago, the advent of artificial abrasives , using artificial abrasives manufacturing have produced a variety of abrasives for grinding and grinding create the conditions for rapid development . Since then , natural abrasive in the abrasive proportion gradually reduced.
Abrasives source of their raw materials , with natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in machinery industry is only natural abrasive Whetstone . Artificial abrasive characteristics according to the basic shape and structure of the distinction between a grinding wheel, grinding , stone, sand tile ( the foregoing collectively referred abrasive ) and coated abrasives five . In addition , it is customary also put abrasives abrasive as a class .
The main features include abrasive abrasive , grain size, hardness, structure and bonding agent five factors . Depending on the choice of the appropriate applications can directly improve the processing quality and productivity.
1 Abrasive
Abrasives are used for abrasive corundum, white corundum, silicon carbide and green silicon carbide . Corundum high toughness , suitable for grinding carbon steel, alloy steel , malleable iron and hard bronze high tensile strength of the material. Corundum has a higher hardness than corundum , cutting performance is better, for hardened steel, high  velcro disc carbon steel , high speed tool materials such as grinding process ; black silicon carbide , high hardness, brittle and sharp , suitable for grinding , cut low tensile strength of the material , such as: cast iron, glass, ceramics , stone, refractory materials , etc. ; darker green silicon carbide high purity silicon silicide . Suitable for grinding carbide, optical glass , precious stones, agate and other hard and brittle materials .
2 Granularity
The choice depends on the particle surface of the workpiece machining accuracy and productivity requirements. Coarse-grained and medium-grained abrasive for roughing and semi-finishing , and fine-grained abrasive , it applies to finishing and super finishing . Physical and mechanical properties are grinding department also factors that determine particle size , low hardness , ductility and toughness of the material is appropriate to coarse-grained abrasive machining , high hardness brittle materials appropriate to fine-grained abrasive.

Hardness, abrasive wear of the

Abrasive wear is due to a friction surface of the convex part and the other hard- surface contact between the friction surface or both the hard particles exist in the event of relative movement of the two surfaces of the one surface or both surfaces of the material is  transferred  Mounted flap wheel signs of wear . (B ) abrasive and abrasive wear mechanism for the relative movement of the part surface , the abrasive force on the perpendicular to the surface of the decomposed component of the force parallel to the surface . 1 perpendicular to the surface embedded in the surface of the abrasive component , good material for the plastic surface indentation large dense , repeated action , resulting in fatigue and damage , the brittle  flap wheel materials do not produce distortion on the surface of brittle fracture . (2) parallel to the surface of the abrasive component tangential movement generated , resulting surface is scored , and the cutting groove is left , the plastic material , the abrasive cutting surface of the friction will cut a chip of brittle materials , abrasive cutting time cut from the surface a lot of debris.
Abrasive wear rate is very large, many major damage in the form of machinery and equipment . (C ) the main factors affecting abrasion 1 Abrasive wear particle size on the amount of wear of the metal with the increase of the size of the abrasive increases when the abrasive size increases after a certain size , the wear rate is constant 2 Abrasive the cutting and grinding disc  geometry of the impact on the wear of the sharp edges of abrasive abrasive wear than the sleek , high-speed , abrasive being blunt , the wear rate of decline , if the abrasive is ground , the grinding speed will increase by 3 . abrasive hardness on the amount of wear impact Thus, the enhanced surface hardness of the part approaches or exceeds the hardness of the abrasive , to improve the wear resistance of parts , but the high hardness of the material , will cause decrease in toughness , increased brittleness and other consequences. ( 1 ) Abrasive hardness is lower than the hardness components , the wear amount of the difference in hardness between the two , the difference increases, the wear rate decrease ( 2 ) parts abrasive hardness higher than the hardness , the wear serious , the difference in hardness between the less small , wear reduction .

Abrasive size shape and position of some flaws

Abrasives standards relating to the position tolerance checking parallelism and concentricity, technical guidance document specifies the shape of the tolerance checking roundness, flatness, and cylindrical. Industry, said more than five items as "five degrees." Indeed wheel hole shop roll  and the vertical plane directly affect the use of grinding wheels, should be strictly controlled, so abrasive geometric tolerance checks generally have six.
1. Flatness is the ideal abrasive for an arbitrary plane roughness of the plane. If not good, easy card when chucking broken wheel or cause Obscure, rotation rupture. 2. Roundness is abrasive cylindrical surface, spherical and conical surfaces are ideal for cross-sectional shape of the edge degree of error circle, such as poor will increase the abrasive sanding belt  amount of dressing. 3. Cylindrical refers in two coaxial cylindrical grinding cylindrical inner diameter of the difference between the maximum and minimum. Will also increase the amount of good dressing, affecting the balance wheel.
4. Parallelism refers to the abrasive surface across the face of its inclusion on the basis of both ends of the plane is grinding disc  not parallel to the degree where the ends are not parallel to the surface, the wheel rotates to generate yaw.
5. Concentricity is a grinding wheel or with holes in the center of the concentric circles on the basis of the degree of deviation. Wheel will produce bad beating, affecting quality of the workpiece, but also cause wheel breakage.
6. Verticality refers to the axis of cylindrical grinding holes or vertical extent on the plane, bad, wheel rotation will produce end swing around, affecting the quality of the workpiece and the grinding wheel strength, it tends to break the wheel card.
7. Runout tolerance, for some wheels, such as cutting and grinding with a data sheet wheel, depressed center grinding wheel, grinding wheel, etc., but also for national standard circular runout measurements.

In most abrasive grinding - grinding wheel

In most abrasive grinding - grinding wheel. Added to the abrasive wheel is binding agent, the green compacts, drying and calcining a porous body made. As abrasives, binders and manufacturing process is different, the wheel characteristics vary greatly, so sanding roll  the grinding machining quality, productivity and economy have a significant impact. Mainly by the characteristics of grinding abrasive particle size, binder, hardness, structure, shape and size and other factors.
Wheel variety, according to the abrasive can be divided into ordinary abrasive (corundum and silicon carbide, etc.) and natural abrasive grinding wheels and superabrasive (diamond and cubic boron nitride) grinding wheel;
Shape can be divided according to  ceramic belt level grinding wheels, bevel wheel, cylindrical grinding wheels, cup wheels, disc wheel, etc.; binding agents can be classified according to the ceramic grinding wheel, resin grinding wheel, rubber wheel, metal grinding wheel. The wheel parameters are abrasive, viscosity, hardness, binders, shape, size and so on.
Since wheel usually work at high speed, thus turning test should be carried out before use (guaranteed wheel at  grinding wheel china the maximum operating speed, not break) and static balance test (to prevent machine vibrations caused by the work). Grindstone at work for some time, should be trimmed to restore grinding performance and correct geometry.

Grinding wheel as the most important one class of abrasive

 Grinding wheel as the most important one class of abrasive. It is through the combination of the abrasive agent is added through the green compacts, drying and calcining a porous body made. Because of the differences in raw materials and manufacturing processes, has Sanding Sheets  produced a grinding wheel features difference is very big, so the effect of grinding process used has a significant impact.
Wheel characteristics determine factors: abrasives, intensity, binders, hardness, structure, shape and size. Wheel variety:an be divided according to the ordinary abrasives abrasives (corundum and silicon carbide, etc.) and natural abrasive grinding wheels and superabrasive (diamond and cubic boron nitride) grinding wheel;hape can be divided according to level grinding wheels, bevel wheel, cylindrical grinding wheels, cup wheels, disc wheel, etc.; binding agents can be classified according to the  Bonded abrasives ceramic grinding wheel, resin grinding wheel, rubber wheel, metal grinding wheel. The wheel parameters are abrasive, viscosity, hardness, binders, shape, size and so on.
Since wheel usually work at high speed, thus turning test should be carried out before use (guaranteed wheel at the maximum operating speed, not break) and static balance test (to prevent machine vibrations caused by the work). Grindstone at work for some time, should be trimmed to restore grinding performance and correct geometry.

the large pores of the grinding wheel

Large pores wheel production ranges are: abrasive silicon carbide and corundum and other general options, such as the commonly used green silicon carbide (GC), black silicon carbide (C) and corundum (A), corundum (WA), such as several of these brittle and sharp abrasive, high hardness, good thermal and electrical conductivity; abrasive particle PSA sanding disc  size (36 # ~ 100 #); binding agent (usually a ceramic binding agent); Hardness (G ~ Q levels); shape (with flat-shaped, concave, cup, bowl or dish, etc.); pore size (approximately 0.7 to 1.4 mm).
Some grinding through a special, the internal porosity of the grinding wheel increases, so to processing requirements. This product choice should note the following:
 First, because the large pores in the grinding wheel with high durability, cutting ability and can not easily be  sandpaper roll blocked, etc., it is more suitable for grinding metal and leather, rubber, plastic and other non-metallic materials and coarse grinding.
 Second, at the same time, but also because it has a fast heat dissipation characteristics, so in grinding large number of heat-sensitive materials, thin-walled workpieces and dry milling process (eg rail grinding carbide cutting tools and machine tools, etc.) with good results.
 Third, the large pores of the grinding wheel and other general vitrified grinding wheel basic method for  file belt producing the same. Difference is in the amount of the ingredients plus a pore agents, it volatilizes completely before sintering the wheel or burned ash, resulting in large pores.

the stainless steel grinding wheel is generally

he hardness of the stainless steel grinding wheel is generally within the range C ~ N, where J, K, L, M use of the wheel. Microcrystalline corundum grinding wheel face, the selection of appropriate hardness J. In addition, large diameter grinding wheel face bore or grinding, the grinding wheel and the workpiece contact surface, the wheel is easy to passivation, to be elected lower hardness wheel; grinding forming abrasive sanding belt  surface, should increase the hardness of the wheel , otherwise they will be faster wheel wear and damage-surface precision grinding wheel; grinding hollow and thin wall of the workpiece, the workpiece deformation, and therefore should adopt a softer wheel; discontinuous surface grinding, abrasive easy to fall off, you should use a hard wheel.Organization
Stainless steel toughness, strong adhesion, to avoid clogging the grinding wheel, grinding wheel organizations should choose a more loose, generally 5-8 is appropriate. Back to eat large knife and a large contact area should be selected organization loose wheel, the surface roughness Ra values ​​that require low or form grinding should be used in  grinding disc a more compact organization of the wheel.atural diamond as found in nature is the hardest material. Using it as raw materials to produce diamond grinding wheel, with fast cutting, wear characteristics, the majority of users. But the natural diamond is limited, so synthetic diamond is made. So we often say that the diamond wheel is divided by the two kinds of natural diamond and synthetic diamond.Using synthetic diamond as the main diamond abrasive wheel made of diamond substantially retains the characteristics of the grinding sharp, high efficiency, to maintain a good precision, the actual production applications, but also has a large-scale use of natural diamond and a large natural Bonded abrasives  resources, faced with fewer and fewer of the situation, so as to enhance the price of such products, in most respects, this diamond wheel than the synthetic diamond has certain advantages, but in some respects, but also to some extent artificial diamond make up for the shortcomings of such a diamond wheel, the two complement each other.
Diamond grinding wheel sharp, high efficiency and high precision grinding, due to its unique nature has been widely used in various industries.

Concrete cutting at different cementitious materials

Concrete cutting at different cementitious materials, sub-cement concrete, asphalt concrete, gypsum concrete and polymer concrete, etc.; Apparent density at different points heavy concrete, ordinary concrete, lightweight concrete; by the use of different functions, sub-structure with concrete, road concrete, concrete, heat-resistant concrete, concrete shop roll  acid and radiation concrete; according to the construction process is different, but also points shotcrete, concrete pumping, vibration grouting concrete. Classification can also be based on concrete strength grade of concrete to points. Accordance with the relevant standards, the concrete strength grade concrete English name should be the first letter of the standard value plus its strength to express. Such as C20, C30 and so on. In the past with the "label" to describe intensity grading is based on the value of the cube compressive strength  Abrasive paper of standard values ​​known Chinese "number" word to express, such as 200, 300 and so on. In order to overcome the defect of low tensile strength of concrete, it will cement concrete with other materials, the emergence of reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, a variety of fiber-reinforced concrete and polymer impregnated concrete.
In addition, with the development and construction of concrete needs, there was expansion of concrete, aerated concrete, fiber reinforced concrete and other special functions. Pumping concrete, concrete products and new concrete construction technology to bring convenience.

Diamond plated metal at a certain temperature to prevent

Diamond plated metal at a certain temperature to prevent, under the conditions of pressure and sintering time of oxidized graphite and hot corrosion resistance of iron. The author of the different metals plated diamond for TG (TG) analysis, discovery of diamonds began at  PSA sanding disc about 800 ℃ weightlessness and graphite. The coated Ti, W, TiN, etc., respectively diamond 900 ℃, 925 ℃ and 940 ℃ weight loss when starting and graphitized. Description diamond plated metal back helps prevent oxidation and graphite, can withstand thermal shock and thermal decomposition. High temperature sintering carcass showed a protective effectStrong carbide plating element in the sintering conditions can be formed at the interface of diamond and  ceramic belt the matrix alloy carbide, diamond and matrix conducive to chemical bonding with the metal metallurgical bonding, greatly improving the gripping force of the matrix of the diamond, the diamond coated tungsten X-ray analysis showed that the surface of the diamond has been formed with WC. 
he static strength of the diamond can be increased from 5% to 20%. Diamond plated metal, may increase cut off disc  the friction of the diamond, which helps increase the holding force. 3. Fine powder and pre-alloyed powderIn the production of special saw blade, should adopt the ultrafine metal powder and pre-alloyed powder. Metal powder sintering temperature helps reduce thinning, increased hardness. Use of pre-alloyed powder, low melting point metal to prevent premature loss and segregation, sintered products in favor elastic limit and yield strength, to increase the gripping force of the diamond, but also reduce the sintering temperature and holding time.

use of corundum grinding wheel Precautions

It is used for super alloys, cermets, ceramic products, glass products, limonite, high speed steel, alloy tool as well as many other new superhard materials ideal grinding tool.
There are many special resin binding cutting diamond wheel for rapid cooling. These wheels especially suitable nonwoven belt  for carbide tools (such as saws, cutting machines, drilling tools, end mills, etc.) grinding.
In addition, these tools can also be used carbide dies, rollers and carbide wear parts, precision grinding process. Resin glue wheel is mainly used in ceramics, precision machining and grinding of tungsten carbide and ceramic thermal spray coatings. It can also be used in conjunction with the CBN, for grinding high-speed steel, tool and die steels  ceramic flap disc and superalloys FtRC50 above.Matching problem mainly refers to the installation of the chuck and grinding wheel logistic problems. According to standards, wheel diameter not less than chuck is mounted sand office diameter of 1/3, and the corresponding provisions of the wheel wear to  Abrasive paper a diameter of 10mm diameter larger than the chuck should be replaced with a new wheel. So there is a chuck and grinding wheel matching problem, otherwise it will be the case, "big horse car" caused by equipment and material waste; "small horse cart" do not meet the safety requirements, could easily lead to accidents. Therefore, chuck and grinding wheel reasonable match, one can save the device, cut about materials; hand and meet the safe operation requirements. Furthermore, the wheel should be installed between the chuck chuck diameter greater than the diameter 2mm, 1mm ~ 2mm thick cushion.

rinding wheel abrasive hardness

Grit SiC grinding wheel abrasive hardness than the high alumina (Hv2800 or more). Brittle and sharp, and has good thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, suitable for grinding cemented carbide. Which commonly is black and green silicon carbide wheel. The green silicon abrasive paper sheet  carbide grinding wheel is more suitable for carbide tools.
2) Particle size: The particle size indicates the size of the degree of abrasive. Grains per inch in length through the perforations on how many numbers as that symbol. 60 refers to the abrasive particle  Sanding Sheets size for example just by the length per inch of the screen with 60 holes. Therefore, the larger the number, the finer the grit said. Coarse abrasive tools should be selected numbers of small grinding wheel, grinding tools should be selected number large (ie, abrasive fine) of the wheel. Particle board used for the 46 - Taiwan 0 number of soft or medium hard wheel.
3) Hardness: The hardness reflects  metal cutting wheel the abrasive grinding wheel during the grinding force, the grinding wheel surface from the ease of shedding. Wheel hard, abrasive surface that is hard to fall; wheel soft, which means that abrasive easily. Hardness and abrasive wheel hard and soft are two different concepts, must be clearly distinguished. Grinding HSS and carbide tools should be selected turning soft or medium soft wheel.Furthermore, the choice of grinding wheel should also be considered binding agent and tissue. Generally used in ships and factories vitrified (Code A) and medium organizations of the wheel.
In summary, we should be based on the correct selection of grinding wheel cutting tool materials. Sharpening high speed steel tool should be used in a particle size of 46 to 60 soft or medium soft aluminum oxide wheels. Sharpening carbide tools should be used in a particle size of 60 to 80 soft or medium soft silicon carbide grinding wheel, the two can not be wrong.

Synthetic superhard cutting tool materials

 Synthetic superhard cutting tool materials, manufacturing many ways, here introduces hot vapor deposition method and the.
Hot pressing manufacturing of diamond and cubic boron nitride devices are used in the top or sides of the top six  abrasive paper sheet sides of the hydraulic machine. Suppression of monocrystalline superhard materials. Pyrophyllite raw materials need to be placed in the cavity. Pressing the raw material powder PCD monocrystalline graphite sheet, graphite sheet and Ni-Mn activator sheet laminate is placed in the cavity; suppress PCD PCD poly crystal wafers is the raw material powder, adding binder Ni, Si, Co, etc.; suppression CBN crystal powder raw materials for the hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) powder; suppress poly chips PCBN CBN crystal powder raw materials, but people need to be set separately catalytic agent and binding agent. Hot-pressing process is shown in Figure 1, Figure 2. The pressure, temperature and pressing flap wheel  time are listed in the figure.
Pressurizing the boost pressure during, the final pressure is different, pyrophyllite pressure in the cavity of the top portion of the pressure is not the same weight, in Figure 1, Figure 2 shows a top hammer unit pressure is the pressure . Temperature chamber temperature. Time is the heating time, holding time and cooling time sum of the process, for a variety of presses, these parameters will be different

Diamond crystals are cubic plane

Diamond crystals are cubic plane, since each crystal form and surface atomic arrangement atom density difference and the distance between the different planes, resulting in a natural diamond crystal anisotropy, so the performance of the diamond crystal surface only metal cutting wheel  of the physical and mechanical different performance, ease of manufacture and service life which are not the same, the microstructure of the crystal surface damage strength are also significant differences. Microscopic diamond crystals Hertz strength test method used to determine, since the diamond is a typical brittle material, the strength values ​​are generally larger deviation depends on the morphology and distribution of stress distribution range, so suitable analysis of probability theory. When the effect of stress is the same, (110) crystal plane maximum probability of damage, (111), followed by (100) crystal  ceramic belt plane of the minimum probability of breakage. Ie external force, (110) crystal face the most easily damaged, (111) crystal face, followed by (100) the most difficult to break. Although the (110) crystal plane grinding is higher than the (100) crystal plane, but the experimental results show that the (100) crystal face and the other plane has a higher resistance to stress, corrosion, and thermal degradation capability. Considering the combination of micro-strength, a (100) plane around the flank of the tool to make easy tool edge grinding of high quality, easy to produce microscopic chipping.